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Asphyxia refers to a condition characterized by a lack of oxygen and an excess of carbon dioxide in the body. This usually occurs when the airways are obstructed or breathing is impaired, preventing proper oxygen exchange in the lungs. In asphyxia, the body's cells are deprived of oxygen, leading to cellular death and, if not addressed promptly, can result in organ damage or death.

Understanding asphyxia is crucial for investigators in fields like health or forensic science, as it can play a significant role in determining the cause of death in certain cases. Analyzing situations that lead to asphyxia can help professionals identify various underlying factors, such as suffocation, drowning, or the effects of certain substances that suppress breathing.

The other options do not accurately describe the phenomenon of asphyxia. Excess oxygen would not be associated with asphyxia, as it implies adequate or more than enough oxygen, which negates the concept of asphyxia. Similarly, irregular heartbeats during sleep and sudden loss of heartbeat refer to different medical conditions related to cardiac function and not the direct lack or excess of gases that define asphyxia. Hence, the correct answer highlights the essential aspects of this critical physiological condition.